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Unethical Business Practice of Walmart - Free Essay Example

Unethical Business Practice Most people would agree that the objective of most businesses is to make money in an honorable manner, and to conduct business in an ethical way. Well, not all businesses operate in an honorable and ethical manner. According to Lovelenna Rajeev, author of Ethical and Unethical Business Practice, â€Å"Business ethics are moral values and principles, that determine our conduct in the business world. It refers to the commercial activities, either with other business houses or with a single customer†(Rajeev2009). While the objective of all businesses is to make profits, the business should contribute to the interest of the society by ensuring fair business practices. However, greed has led businesses to unethical business practices and general mistrust. Some examples of unfair business practice include; bribery and dishonesty, unfair treatment of employees, sexual discrimination. Everyone knows that it is unethical for a business to use dishonesty a nd bribery to get employees to do what the company wants them to do. Well, not every company sees the wrong in being dishonest. The biggest company in the world, Wal-Mart, is accused of using bribery and dishonesty so that their employees cannot join or communicate with a union. Wal-Mart is a non union organization that feels it does not need third party intervention. So, instead of unions, Wal-Mart has an open door policy meaning if an employee has a problem they can take their complaints beyond management and go straight to corporate. According to PBS,† the open door policy does little to help its employees but gives the company the leverage they need to terminate unwanted non compliant employees†(Moore2005). Also, Wal-Mart employees get paid less than unionized companies and their employees usual quit by the end of their first year. The company also prohibits it employees from communicating with union workers. According to Wikipedia, Wal-Mart’s executive, Tom Coughlin was forced to resign because he was embezzling money. The executive claimed that the money was used for an anti-union project involving cash bribes paid to employees in exchange for a list of names of Wal-Mart employees that had signed union cards and communicated with a union. It is unethical for Wal-Mart to prohibit employees to talk to union representatives. According to the National Labor Act, employers are not allowed to discourage or bribe employees from forming a union for they have that right. Wal-Mart is wrong for bribing employees and therefore they encourage dishonest behavior. If Wal-Mart wants to avoid lawsuits, the company need s to let it be known that they will not oppose employees talking to union representatives. Not only has Wal-Mart been accused of bribery and dishonesty, but they are also accused of unfair treatment of employees. Wal-Mart is the largest private employer in America. According to Heidi Cossitt, â€Å"the average full time empl oyee makes only $15,000 a year. The majority of wal-mart workers are only allowed to work 28 hours a week to keep them from getting over time, and at this rate according to Cossitt, â€Å"an employee makes $11,000 a year†(Cossit 2003). This is well below the poverty rate which makes Wal-Mart employees eligible for public assistance, such as food stamps. Another issue with Wal-Mart is that health insurance is only available to a small percentage of its employee. Of that small percentage, only a few can afford the high premiums. Once again, Wal-Mart is acting unethical by paying low wages to its employees and by only offering high premium health insurance. To solve this problem, and to avoid a bigger one, Wal-Mart needs to stop being greedy and support their employee rather than treating them unfairly. As the largest retail company, Wal-Mart has a duty to treat all employees and suppliers with respect. However, this is not always the case. According the article ‘Earnin g Less, Holding Fewer Senior Positions’, in 2003, Dr. Richard Drogin, Professor at California State University-Hayward, conducted a study on wages for female employees at Wal-Mart and found that: â€Å"Female hourly workers earn up to 37 percent less per hour than male counterparts; female full-time employees working at least 45 weeks earn on average nearly $5,000 less than male employees in yearly salary; women make up to 72 percent of wal-marts total workforce but only 33 percent of its managers; and women make up 92 percent of wal-marts cashiers, but only 14 percent of Wal-Mart store managers†(Drogin2004). These statics show just how unfair and unethical Wal-Mart is when it comes to discriminating against women. Wal-Mart needs to pay men and women the same. A women is just as capable as a man when it comes to running an organization and therefore a women Wal-Mart employee should have the same privileges and pay as their male counterparts. In conclusion, Wal-Ma rt is a huge company known by many households around the world. The company has on many occasions been accused of unfair and unethical business practice. Bribery, dishonesty, unfair treatment of employees and discrimination against women is unethical and should not be practiced by any business or corporation. It’s a shame that such a huge company that makes so much money has to be so unethical. Eventually, people will see right through wal-marts unethical practices and ultimately Wal-Mart will lose a lot of customers.

Nineteen Reasons Why By Jay Asher - 952 Words

The novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher would be a very good addition to this course because of the unique way Asher defines haunting. In the novel, a boy, Clay Jensen, receives a box of cassette tapes from an anonymous sender. Upon finding an old cassette player, he begins listening to the tapes and discovers that they are from his classmate Hannah Baker. The only problem with this is that Hannah Baker killer herself a couple weeks before Clay received the tapes. On the seven tapes, Hannah tells the main thirteen reasons she committed suicide. Each reasons is centered around a different person, these people being people who did something to make Hannah’s life worse, eventually leading to her suicide. The tapes are sent to each person who appears on the tapes so all the people who â€Å"contributed† to Hannah’s suicide discover their part in it all. This means that Clay is on the tapes - the only problem is that he loved Hannah and believes he never did anyth ing to make her kill herself. The story follows Clay around the town he and Hannah once shared while he is listening to the tapes. We later learn that Clay is on the tapes not because he hurt Hannah, but because he could have saved her. The ghost and haunting aspect in Thirteen Reasons Why is not what one normally imagines when they hear the word â€Å"haunted†. Instead of being haunted by a ghost in a haunted house or even having a physical ghost, Clay is haunted by the memory of Hannah, the tapes she sent, and theShow MoreRelatedNineteen Reasons Why By Jay Asher1710 Words   |  7 Pageshappening every second, but no ordinary person ever thinks of these situations on a daily basis. But one man, Jay Asher, stepped in and decided to write about suicide in a more entertaining and relatable form. Thirteen Reasons Why, written by Jay Asher, is a novel about a teenager that leaves tapes behind with recordings of her own voice that explains why she took her own life. Jay Asher dr opped out of college to pursue a writing career, he had a total of eleven manuscripts submitted to publishersRead MoreNineteen Reasons Why By Jay Asher1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel, Thirteen Reasons Why, by Jay Asher explores every nitty-gritty topic that the children of today are sheltered from. Those of which include suicide, sex, rape, underage drinking, drugs- you name it. If the topic s uncomfortable and shoved deep into the recesses of the media, you can guarantee this book covers it. Now, whether this is a just cause for the prohibition of the novel, is debatable. In my opinion, banning this novel should be a crime, censoring this text is unrealistic,

The Heart Of The Middle Of News - 984 Words

â€Å"Have you ever get the feeling of your heart stopping in the middle of news?†. Yeah, that was me, I was at the waiting room on the second floor of one of the hospitals in the city of Tyler. I had brought her because she was feeling bad. She was feeling extreme pain on her right side of her stomach, while being pregnant. I got so scared that I had to drive her down to the hospital knowing I did not have a license, but that did not stop me at that minute. Waiting on that big empty room is kind of scary no one comes, no one goes. The doctor comes in and looks at me, by the expression on his face I knew it was not something good. Well, my mother was diagnosed with kidney Infection while being seven months pregnant. It was a normal day like any other, my mom making lunch for dad and my brother before they went to work. I was making the beds and picking up dirty clothes from the bathroom baskets. The rest of my youngest siblings had left to school, you may wonder why I did not. I woke up that day feeling sick so I decided to stay in. It was about 12:00 pm and my mom told me she was feeling a little pain in her right side. I told her if she wanted me to call a doctor or if she need it anything, of course she said no. However, two hours later I hear a loud scream, I knew right away it was my mom. I run to the bathroom where she was, I ask her what was going on, with a scared to death face. My mom told me she could not handle the pain anymore; she could not even stand on her own.Show MoreRelatedLife At The Top : America Isn t Just Better, It s Longer1315 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals that shares common features from an economic, behavioral view and ideological representation of the world around them. In the New York Times article, Life at the Top in America Isn t Just Better, It s Longer, Janny Scott highlights patients who experienced heart attacks and how they were treated at different medical clinics. Scott evaluates the upper class, middle class and working class and how it impact in people’s health and emergency care. Scott specifically points out the types of treatmentsRead MoreCoronary Heart Disease ( Chd )890 Words   |  4 PagesCoronary heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiovascular disease that occurs when the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscles are narrowed or blocked by fatty materials build-up over time. There are 2 forms of coronary heart disease, angina and myocardial infarction. CHD results in 70,000 deaths each year, making it the single biggest cause of death in the UK. More than 2.3 million people are currently living with CHD (British Heart Foundation, 2014). CHD has always been wrongly perceivedRead MoreAssessment and Diagnosis1583 Words   |  7 Pageswindshield survey will also be discussed in this paper. Community Stapleton is a middle to low class neighborhood located in the heart of Staten Island close to St. Gorge Ferry. Stapleton is a diverse community that is very rich in culture. It is highly populated by African immigrants, African Americans, Hispanic’s, Albanians, Italians and few SRI Lankan’s. It consists of middle to low-income families. This area is great for new homebuyers as homes in this area are very affordable however many of its residentsRead MoreHeart Disease Is The Number One Leading Cause Death Of The United States936 Words   |  4 PagesHeart Disease is the number one leading cause of death in the United States. Anyone, including children, can develop heart disease. Heart Disease has three major categories that are used to describe Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), which affects the heart and the circulatory of blood being pumped into the heart (AHA, 2015). According to the Center for Disease and Control (CDC), Heart disease has consistently been the leading ca use of death for both US men and women since 1935(CDC, 2014), with men beingRead MoreEagle Academy for Young Men: The Philosophical and Practical Foundation of the NYC Exploration Club1191 Words   |  5 Pagesdesigned to expose the students to a wider variety of New York historical, cultural sites and events and to give them a basic understanding of the Mass Transit System. Many of our middle school scholars take the BX42 bus and the BX15 bus, but could not tell you the BX42 ran from the Northern Bronx to the South Bronx, or that the BX15 bus ran from upper Harlem in to the South Bronx. Many were also unaware of the rich diversity of the cultural history of New York. The program reinforces the lessons taughtRead MoreMiddle Adulthood as a Twentieth Century Phenomenon in Western Culture1727 Words   |  7 PagesMiddle Adulthood as a Twentieth Century Phenomenon in Western Culture Middle adulthood is a 20th century phenomenon in Western culture. In 1900, the average life expectancy was 47 years, but now life expectancy has increased- people are living longer and more professionals are studying life during this age period. Between the ages of 35-64, there are vast changes inRead MoreMiddle Range Nursing Theories Are Abstract, Testable Theories That Contain A Limited Number Of Variables1245 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle Range Nursing Theory Middle range nursing theories are abstract, testable theories that contain a limited number of variables. According to Chinn and Kramer (2011), middle range nursing theories can lead to new practice approaches as well as examine factors that influence the desired outcomes in nursing practice. 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Human Trafficking Research Proposal Sample -Trafficking of Women

QUESTION What are the key factors leading to the trafficking of WOMEN from low socioeconomic status in India? BACKGROUND Trafficking is the most difficult phenomenon faced by India. This issue is driven by cultural, economic and social factors. There is a rise in the trafficking of woman due mainly for sex. Sex trafficking is the purchase of a women as a personal property. The women who are purchased are compelled to engage in sexual activities and benefit the trafficker (Outshoorn, 2005). Some of the common factors that are giving rise to such a vulnerable issue are oppression, lack of education, poverty, lack of human and social rights, less economic opportunities for the low socio-economic people etc. These factors are exerting pressure on the victims which push them to migrate and therefore come into the control of the traffickers. In some states of India, parents sell their children to get rum some amount in return to escape from poverty. Also the cultural or the social practices in some states gives rise to trafficking like devaluation of girls and women makes them excessively weak to trafficking (unodc.org, n.d.). Does Your Busy Schedule Spare No Time for You Due Research? Procure Time-Bound Research Writing from Experts and Never Miss A Deadline. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study will focus on the following three research questions: How did the women get to be included in human trafficking? What are the reasons led them to involve in human trafficking? What were their encounters? AIM The purpose of the study is to identify the key factors among the above discussed factors that are contributing towards trafficking of women from low socioeconomic status in India. Therefore, the study will identify the reasons that have forced the women to get into human trafficking and will also analyze their experiences so that further study can be made about how to assist these women to overcome from the human trafficking issue. METHODOLOGICAL PARADIGM The researcher basically focuses on recognizing the significance and connotation of each and every method that will be used in this research. The researcher mainly emphasizes on understanding the literature review and then based on that the researcher derives the objectives of the research. Then the researcher mainly focuses on collecting the data and then analyzes and discusses the data. Lastly the research will be concluded by aligning the findings with the objectives of the research. The researcher decides to focus on deductive research approach which helps the researcher to study various previous studies related to trafficking of women, which will be described in the literature review and then test those theories or concepts by collecting data from the victims of human trafficking. However the findings of the study will differ based on the data analysis. Further the researcher focuses on descriptive research design to support the findings with the described research questions. The data collected will be based on qualitative study. (Bailey, 2008) METHOD Information gathered for this study, is mainly intended to identify the factors that has led the women to become the victim of human trafficking. This is done by understanding the reasons behind their trafficking and also their experiences. Since there are some difficulties in communicating and identifying the victims of human trafficking, the sample size considered for this present is 30-40 participants. To obtain relevant information related to the research topic, the target audiences are the trafficking victims of age 13-25. The present study of trafficking of women mainly emphasizes on snowball sampling. Collection of data began from the most convenient participants located in the North, South, East, and West regions of India and expands by their referrals who are willing to participate in this research. The data will be collected by taking the interview of the participants for about an hour with pre-defined structured questions. These questions are developed based on the literat ure review and the research questions derived to conduct this study. The questions will revolve around the physical, emotional or mental issues they have faced after or during the trafficking, what has made these women to become the victim of human trafficking. Interviews that will be taken are expected to be easy and simple that will help the participants to explain their answers. During the interview the research might also skip the questions that the participant is uncomfortable with or might ask some extra information so that will be helpful for the study. During the interview notes will be taken and overall discussions will be recorded. Discussions, notes, and all other documentation will be safely stored with password protection in the computer to secure the privacy of the members. All members were asked to sign a form of consent before partaking to guarantee members were decently informed about that they were utilized to for the research and make sure about the protection of the participants and guarantee close to insignificant danger. To examine the information discovered patterns and likenesses will be observed at and over all topics created to get it how every class identifies with each other. PARTICIPANTS The participants involved in the present research are the women who have been the victim of human trafficking at some point of time in their life. These participants are from all the four regions of India, North, South, East, West. This is because since the human trafficking victims in India in the year 2013 was about 4566 (stophumantrafficking-mha.nic.in, 2013), and it is not possible to understand the reasons of the trafficking from all 4566. Thus the researcher has decided to collect the information from four different reasons from atleast 30-40participants which would atleast give an idea about the key factors that is contributing towards rise in human trafficking. The data will be collected from the women participants of age 13-25 as they will better understand the purpose of the research and can explain their answers in a better way that will be helpful in successful completion of this research. All the information collected will be documented well in a word file and also in computer for future study and to make an effective conclusion for the present study. Since it is not easy to reach to victims and communicate easily with them, the researcher will take help of the NGOs to reach to the victims and understand their experiences. Snowball sampling is the sampling method that is used to identify the target audience easily. In this sampling type, the researcher the initial participant to identify another participant who are the victims of the trafficking. The researcher focuses on this type of sampling because the chain referral methodology permits the scientist to achieve populaces that are hard to specimen when utilizing other testing systems; the procedure is simple, cheap and cost-proficient and also this sampling procedure needs small planning and fewer workforces contrasted with other techniques of sampling (Offredy and Vickers, 2013). RECRUITMENT The researcher will partnership with Asia foundation that mainly emphasizes on combating TIP (Trafficking in Persons).This is because this organization has presence in atleast 21 countries in almost every region (Hameed et al., 2010). They have lots of information about human trafficking. The researcher will contact with this organization initially through phone to brief them about the research and the purpose of conducting this research. Then as documentation the researcher will mail all the details of research to the concerned person so as to start the research soon. If in any case the organization denies helping, a proper header letter will be issued from the university so that they can understand this research is conducted with some significant person. As soon as the organization agrees to the terms and conditions of the research, the participants will be approached with the help of one their team member who have ideas about human trafficking and also the victim cases. Then while conducting the interview a set of questions will be asked to victim keeping in mind that it does not hurt them and then will be asked for their referral to a different victim. LIMITATION The limitation of the study lies in the choice of methodology. Due to time constraint the researcher decides to use the non- probability sampling method, snowball sampling. The downside of utilizing this method is that it does not focus on random sample. Participants in this method do not get involved in the trafficking of women research by chance; instead they are recruited by chain process. The conclusion of the study may end up with biased results like the sample may include an over-representation of women with various issues having similar characteristics for example 25-30 out of 40 might say that due to poverty they were involved in the trafficking (Sadler et al., 2010). Another limitation is that the study revolves around qualitative data. The findings from this data can't be extended out to more extensive populaces with the same level of conviction that quantitative data can. This is on account of the research findings are not tried to find whether they are measurably huge or because of chance (Atieno, 2009). ANALYSIS As the data that will be collected is qualitative in nature, documentation is the analysis process that will be followed by the researcher to make an effective conclusion of this present research. All the conversation with the participants will be jotted down and recorded during the process of interview. Then each interview sessions will be commented by the researcher. The researcher will reconstruct the conversation based on the feelings and observation and will align with the research questions. Thus the researcher will preserve the written documents, tapes, interviews, contacts that are listed while conducting the research. The reason for selecting documentation as the process of analyzing the qualitative data is this process helps the researcher develop and outline the analytic process and also encourages in continuous strategizing and conceptualizing about the overall text (sagepub.com, n.d.). ETHICS There are two types of issues that may arise while conducting this research (Halley, n.d.): One is issues that may arise due to complexities involved in assessing the well-being of the target audiences or participants like consent, confidentiality, harm and risk. Another is the issues that may arise due to the research nature like sample size, methodology, subjectivity. Thus the researcher will ensure that all the relevant information related to the present research is well-informed to all the participants of the study. The researcher will also identify the risks before conducting the survey that the participants may face while participating in this research process so effective actions can be taken initially. Since the researcher will emphasize on collecting the data using interview process there is main issue of confidentiality with the sharing of information. The researcher will plan foolproof strategies that will help to store the conversation and the documentation safe. Initials or Pseudonyms will be used wherever necessary to make the identifications easier(Richards and Schwartz, 2002). TIMELINE Below is the time frame in the form of Gantt chart that the researcher will follow to complete the overall research. Key Activities Week 1 Week2+3 Week 4+5 Week 6 Week 7 Choosing Topic and its scope Identifying sources for collecting secondary data Preparing research proposal Writing literature review Describing research methodology Preparing interview, ethics form Collecting primary data Data Analysis Findings and Results Conclusion and recommendations Final Submission of Report REFERENCES Atieno, O. (2009). An analysis of the strengths and limitation of qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. Bailey, K. (2008). Methods of social research. 4th ed. New York: Free Press. Halley, K. (n.d.). Ethical Issues in Qualitative Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research Resear. Hameed, S., Hlatshwayo, S., Tanner, E., Trker, M. and Yang, J. (2010). Dynamics, Current Efforts, and Intervention Opportunities for The Asia Foundation. [online] asiafoundation.org. Offredy, M. and Vickers, P. (2013). Developing a Healthcare Research Proposal: An Interactive Student Guide. 2nd ed. Oxford: John Wiley Sons, p.139. Outshoorn, J. (2005). The political debates on prostitution and trafficking of women. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 12(1), pp.141--155. Richards, H. and Schwartz, L. (2002). Ethics of qualitative research: are there special issues for health services research?. Family Practice, 19(2), pp.135--139. Sadler, G., Lee, H., Seung-Hwan Lim, R. and Fullerton, J. (2010). Recruiting hard-to-reach United States population sub-groups via adaptations of snowball sampling strategy. Nursing health sciences, 12(3), pp.369 - 374. sagepub.com, (n.d.). Qualitative Data Analysis. stophumantrafficking-mha.nic.in, (2013). Data on human trafficking in India during 2013. unodc.org, (n.d.). Addressing the root causes of trafficking.

The New York Times in Vietnam free essay sample

This research paper shows how the New York Times accurately portrayed events during the Vietnam War. This paper examines how the New York Times coverage of the Vietnam war played a vital role in supplying the nation with factual knowledge during the Vietnam conflict and how these facts helped turn the American public against the war. What was unknown at that time, but has since come out, was that President Lyndon B. Johnson was conducting a massive publicity campaign to dampen the growing domestic concern and mounting dissidence against the war (The Tet Offensive B03). Johnson, himself, publicly stated in late December that the enemy is not beaten, but he knows that he has met his master in the field (The Tet Offensive B03). The observations made by the editorial staff of the New York Times have proven to be particularly on target when proven by the test of time and the advantages of having access to secret documents form that period. We will write a custom essay sample on The New York Times in Vietnam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Free Essays on Sexism In The Classroom

Sexism in the Classroom In â€Å"Failing at Fairness† one of the most important topics of sexism is addressed, and that of course is sexism in the schools. From the beginning of public education there is evidence of hidden sexism in the classroom, yet not until recently have researchers began to take a closer look at the dilemma at hand. Sexism in the classroom is not a problem that has just occurred overnight in schools. I believe that it has a history, staring long before I was born. I love to listen to the stories that my Grandparents share with me, as do many children my age. They always tell me how great those â€Å"good old days† were. Yet the stories make me step back and look at my grandparents, and see that those â€Å"good old days† are very different from today. Back then, the male role was heads of the household and they were responsible for any of the â€Å"physical work† to be done around the house. On the other hand, women had much less say in what was going on in the house, community, and even the nation. For the most part, women stayed home to take care of the kids and do all the housework that needed to be done. This has been the way of life for along time right up until the Second World War. Then slowly women began to work their way into the work force, leaving those elementary ideas behind. Through the years women have gained more and more rights focus on equality, but are they really equal? To some extent yes, and by law yes, but there are still those hidden views and ideas that are continually being pushed on society. I have always witnessed sexism in the classroom, even though I have attended catholic school all my life. I believe that it is more harmful if it is not that obvious. For instance, if sexism is taking place in a kindergarten class, and no one is there to correct it from the beginning, girls will feel like they are inferior to the boys and therefore hold back in participation. I ... Free Essays on Sexism In The Classroom Free Essays on Sexism In The Classroom Sexism in the Classroom In â€Å"Failing at Fairness† one of the most important topics of sexism is addressed, and that of course is sexism in the schools. From the beginning of public education there is evidence of hidden sexism in the classroom, yet not until recently have researchers began to take a closer look at the dilemma at hand. Sexism in the classroom is not a problem that has just occurred overnight in schools. I believe that it has a history, staring long before I was born. I love to listen to the stories that my Grandparents share with me, as do many children my age. They always tell me how great those â€Å"good old days† were. Yet the stories make me step back and look at my grandparents, and see that those â€Å"good old days† are very different from today. Back then, the male role was heads of the household and they were responsible for any of the â€Å"physical work† to be done around the house. On the other hand, women had much less say in what was going on in the house, community, and even the nation. For the most part, women stayed home to take care of the kids and do all the housework that needed to be done. This has been the way of life for along time right up until the Second World War. Then slowly women began to work their way into the work force, leaving those elementary ideas behind. Through the years women have gained more and more rights focus on equality, but are they really equal? To some extent yes, and by law yes, but there are still those hidden views and ideas that are continually being pushed on society. I have always witnessed sexism in the classroom, even though I have attended catholic school all my life. I believe that it is more harmful if it is not that obvious. For instance, if sexism is taking place in a kindergarten class, and no one is there to correct it from the beginning, girls will feel like they are inferior to the boys and therefore hold back in participation. I ... Free Essays on Sexism In The Classroom Sexism in the Classroom In their article "Sexism in the Classroom", Myra and David Sadker argue that sexism exists in the classroom and that boys are treated better than girls. The authors, Myra and David Sadker, talk about the research they did and what they observed over a three year period. They found that boys have a better opportunity of learning because they got more attention from the teacher and they observed that boys were often called on more than girls in the classroom. Their research also showed that the teacher gave boys more positive comments. Before I read this article I honestly never thought about sexism in the classroom. I believed boys and girls were given the same amount of attention in school. If I had thought there was sexism in the classroom, I would have guessed that girls were being favored over boys. In all of my classes in high school and in college I believe that females and males have been treated equally. This past week I observed my Spanish class to see if sexism exists in my classroom. The ratio of girls to boys in this class is 12 to 7. I observed that girls were called on more often than boys. Also, the teacher gave girls more positive comments than they gave to the boys. For example she told a few girls that they had worked well in their group and did a good job on the assignment But, most of the time she went around the whole class to get everyone to participate. I think that the teacher did a good job of trying to involve everyone in the lessons we were doing. There were more girls in my Spanish class and always more girls who raised their hands than boys. When we were put into groups, it seemed to me that girls contributed more to the group than the boys did. I also noticed this week that when we came into the classroom and sat down, it was mainly girls in the front of the classroom and mainly more boys towards the back of the classroom. It has been said that teachers often favor one side of ...

Do you think individuals or organizations should be allowed to own Essay

Do you think individuals or organizations should be allowed to own ancient artifacts that originated in another country - Essay Example As revealed by information by the British Museum (1), the ownership of ancient artifacts could also render some of these artifacts very useless in cases were some of their parts are still in the country of origin. In this case, none of the two countries really benefits by owning part of the artifacts. Although some organizations holding other nation’s sculptures may claim that the countries of origin do not have suitable location for display, this is not a good justification for holding such ancient artifacts. Had these artifacts existed in their country, they would certainly have motivated them to build a better place for them. Ancient artifacts are a symbol of a nation’s glory and nothing can substitute this including replications of these artifacts. Shyllon (2) explains, a replica of an irreplaceable cultural heritage can never be the best substitute. Shyllon Folarin. (2010). Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation: Oral Report of the Rapporteur. Online: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001925/192535e.pdf. Retrieved on 28th September,

Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Freedom of Speech - Essay Example ould help to uphold certain values such as truth, to involve ordinary citizens in political-decision making, to strengthen the community, for self-fulfillment of the individual, to help check abuse of governmental power, to promote tolerance and to create a more robust community (Introduction to the Free Speech Clause). The Supreme Court has been more protective of political speech compared to other commercial speeches. For example, the first amendment does not give rights to individuals to lie about other people (First Amendment: Speech). The expression of artists and the use of symbolism are also protected under the first amendment (Camp, 2005). However the first amendment provides protection only to a lesser extent to commercial speech, defamation, speech that would be harmful to children, those broadcast on radio and television and speech given by public employees. On the other hand the freedom of speech offers no or limited protection to obscenity, child pornography, speech that advocates the use of force or law violation or causing panic, true threats like fighting words, sedition, blackmail, perjury and those which solicit to commit crimes (Camp, 2005; Cohen, 2008). In addition to having its reservations in providing protection to speeches, the first amendment has incorporated time, place and manner restrictions to speeches that enjoy a very elaborate protection under the first amendment. These would be upheld if the speeches are not sufficiently justifiable, or are tailored in a way to suit governmental interest or if they do not leave open other alternative channels of communication. While music is acknowledged as a form of communication and expression, which enjoys complete protection under the amendment, the Court has placed volume restrictions for outdoor music. The amendment also provides rights to a city to place â€Å"zoning restrictions on adult theatres and bookstores†, despite them being fully protected by the amendment, if the goal is to prevent

Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Freedom of Speech - Essay Example ould help to uphold certain values such as truth, to involve ordinary citizens in political-decision making, to strengthen the community, for self-fulfillment of the individual, to help check abuse of governmental power, to promote tolerance and to create a more robust community (Introduction to the Free Speech Clause). The Supreme Court has been more protective of political speech compared to other commercial speeches. For example, the first amendment does not give rights to individuals to lie about other people (First Amendment: Speech). The expression of artists and the use of symbolism are also protected under the first amendment (Camp, 2005). However the first amendment provides protection only to a lesser extent to commercial speech, defamation, speech that would be harmful to children, those broadcast on radio and television and speech given by public employees. On the other hand the freedom of speech offers no or limited protection to obscenity, child pornography, speech that advocates the use of force or law violation or causing panic, true threats like fighting words, sedition, blackmail, perjury and those which solicit to commit crimes (Camp, 2005; Cohen, 2008). In addition to having its reservations in providing protection to speeches, the first amendment has incorporated time, place and manner restrictions to speeches that enjoy a very elaborate protection under the first amendment. These would be upheld if the speeches are not sufficiently justifiable, or are tailored in a way to suit governmental interest or if they do not leave open other alternative channels of communication. While music is acknowledged as a form of communication and expression, which enjoys complete protection under the amendment, the Court has placed volume restrictions for outdoor music. The amendment also provides rights to a city to place â€Å"zoning restrictions on adult theatres and bookstores†, despite them being fully protected by the amendment, if the goal is to prevent

Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Freedom of Speech - Essay Example ould help to uphold certain values such as truth, to involve ordinary citizens in political-decision making, to strengthen the community, for self-fulfillment of the individual, to help check abuse of governmental power, to promote tolerance and to create a more robust community (Introduction to the Free Speech Clause). The Supreme Court has been more protective of political speech compared to other commercial speeches. For example, the first amendment does not give rights to individuals to lie about other people (First Amendment: Speech). The expression of artists and the use of symbolism are also protected under the first amendment (Camp, 2005). However the first amendment provides protection only to a lesser extent to commercial speech, defamation, speech that would be harmful to children, those broadcast on radio and television and speech given by public employees. On the other hand the freedom of speech offers no or limited protection to obscenity, child pornography, speech that advocates the use of force or law violation or causing panic, true threats like fighting words, sedition, blackmail, perjury and those which solicit to commit crimes (Camp, 2005; Cohen, 2008). In addition to having its reservations in providing protection to speeches, the first amendment has incorporated time, place and manner restrictions to speeches that enjoy a very elaborate protection under the first amendment. These would be upheld if the speeches are not sufficiently justifiable, or are tailored in a way to suit governmental interest or if they do not leave open other alternative channels of communication. While music is acknowledged as a form of communication and expression, which enjoys complete protection under the amendment, the Court has placed volume restrictions for outdoor music. The amendment also provides rights to a city to place â€Å"zoning restrictions on adult theatres and bookstores†, despite them being fully protected by the amendment, if the goal is to prevent

Importance of Understanding Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Differences Essay Example for Free

Importance of Understanding Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Differences Essay The United States is and will continue to be a very diverse place. More than 8 million legal immigrants came to the U. S. between 1981 and 1990, and an undetermined number of undocumented immigrants enter the United States each year. In addition, the United States includes people of many religions, languages, economic groups, and other cultural groups. In order to be a successful manager in today’s very diverse society a manager needs to be open and understanding of cultural differences, different ethnicities, and gender differences among employees. Diversity is the presence of people from a wide range of backgrounds all possessing different traits. Some possible contributors to diversity include but are not limited to differences in age, race, ethnic origin, culture, physical abilities, religion and sexual orientation. As the text book states, ‘bringing diverse workers into an organization is seldom a seamless transition. ’ People tend to prejudge and place stereotypes or generalized beliefs that all members of a group possess the same characteristics from different cultures, race, or sex; this must be overcome. To be effective, managers and employees need to recognize, respect, and capitalize on each other’s differences. By being diverse in its employees, a business has a better opportunity for new ideas and growth potential. As discussed this week in class, when the department head turned down the Jamaican friend for the position, even though he seemed better qualified, it showed stereotyping and prejudices can have a negative effect in the workplace. The situation made for an uncomfortable, even negative environment in the workplace. By the department head’s negative behavior it caused a barrier for productivity and potentially harmed working relationships. It is essential in today’s business world for managers and professionals to understand the importance of cultural, ethnical and gender differences to make a positive work environment possible. While performing the ball and sock experiment, I was put outside of my comfort zone and was forced to see what it was like in someone else’s shoes. I found the lefty experiment to be awkward and difficult. I started in the early morning as I was getting ready for work. The seemingly thoughtless tasks that I completed every morning such as showering, brushing my teeth and hair, and eating breakfast now became hard and tedious. I continued the experiment when I returned home from work. Preparing dinner as a lefty was virtually impossible and almost dangerous. Most tasks as a lefty were manageable after some time and practice, but operating a knife was not. I am sure that with a little time and patience these tasks could have become easier to me. I can see how it could be frustrating living as a lefty in a right handed world. This is the same concept as being from a different culture, ethnicity, and gender then those in your workplace. Although the transition into a new company can be difficult, with time and some adjustment it is possible. I can relate the ball in the sock experiment to the importance of understanding cultural, ethnic, and gender differences in the work place because adjusting to something that we are not accustomed to can be challenging. It is important to understand that people we come into contact with everyday come from a background that we may not know much about. It can be difficult to adjust when meeting new people or entering a new work environment. I believe an organizations success can be attributed to its ability to embrace diversity and appreciate the benefits. A workplace who supports diversity can supply an assortment of solutions to problems. A diverse workplace can facilitate a broader service range. It can allow a company to provide their service to those all around the world. I think the most significant benefit to supporting diversity in the workplace is the inspiration it gives to all of its employees to perform to their greatest capacity. Diversity allows employees to come together to accomplish a common goal as a team. Employees will feel comfortable to share their viewpoints and ideas to execute a goal or solve a problem. I believe diversity opens the door for workplaces to achieve higher productivity, result in higher profits, and benefit the community. Diversity may not be something that people are familiar with and may even have a difficult time adjusting to, which is similar to trying to using your opposite hand in daily tasks. I believe understanding diversity will show employees the importance of it in the workplace and how it can enhance the quality of work.

Comparing Degradation in Crime and Punishment, the Possessed, and the Brothers Karamazov :: comparison compare contrast essays

How much disintegration can a culture endure before it reaches the point of irreversible decay? The degree of disintegration and destruction that our own culture has experienced is probably not yet fully known, but mid-to late-Nineteenth Century Russian culture is another matter. The vicious nature of the attacks upon the "old forms" of Russian culture, especially those waged by the Nihilists of the late 1860s, provides ample material for exploring this important question. Fortunately, for those anxious about the condition of our own culture, Fyodor M. Dostoevsky, "the most sagacious student of political economy in the Russia of the 1840s,"1 kept his hand to the pulse of Russia's intelligentsia. Dostoevsky's preoccupation with that same question is understandable given the exigencies of Russian life in his time. When, in l861, the "Tsar-Emancipator," Alexander II, liberated the serfs, pent-up forces for social change were unleashed. In Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation; 1860-65, 2 Joseph Frank notes: All the ideals on which previous Russian life had been founded were called into question; influential voices were heard proclaiming that an entirely new moral basis must be sought on which to construct human society. Russian culture thus entered an acute phase of crisis." According to Professor Frank, the scenario described above is the "indispensable context within which the works of Dostoevsky must be understood." Utopian Socialism, popular among the intelligentsia in the early l840s, was grounded in Christian social-moral ideals. By the mid-40s, however, the Christian elements were discounted and replaced with principles more consistent with Naturalism--science and reason. By the time Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in l861, a new generation of liberals had evolved by following the tenets of scientific materialism. This new generation of Russian intelligentsia were radicals known as the raznochintsy. The raznochintsy differed from the Socialists of the l840s in two ways; they were more frustrated and more activist. The most frustrated and activist elements of theraznochintsy eventually broke with their counterparts--these were the Nihilists. The Nihilists were the focal point of Dostoevsky's later work and, for that matter, much of the social-cultural work of the late 1860s. Dostoevsky's three great novels, Crime and Punishment, the Possessed, and the Brothers Karamazov, represent a continuum. That is, in those works, Dostoevsky traces the degenerative effects on the Russian psyche of the doctrines of radical and Nihilistic idealogues by beginning with a psychoanalytic study of one solitary man and then chronicles the movement of that crisis from the intelligentsia outward to the masses.

Human Resources †how individuals are managed within an organisation Essay

Introduction People are an extremely important resource for any organisation. To be a successful business you need to employ staff with the right qualifications skills and experience. The employees of an organisation are collectively known as its human resources, in many organisations, both public and private, the human resources department is also known as the personnel department. However, the difference in name reflects a shift in emphasis from a purely recruitment and welfare role to a greater concern about how to maximise the performance of staff. Human resource management is also an integral part of many job roles. There are many duties performed by a typical human resources department. These duties include drawing up and implementing equal opportunities and health and safety policies, staff consultation, negotiation, appraisal and staff development, as well as training, recruitment and selection of staff. They are the most important resource in the production of goods ands services. Many aspects of the employer-employee relationship are covered by legislation. However, employers are recognising increasingly that good human resource management practice, which goes beyond the letter of the law, can generate benefits for both the organisation and the individual. The role of human resources Human resource management involves managing a range of roles relating to people employed by a business including: Recruitment – The personnel department must advertise accordingly and try to attract the â€Å"best† candidates for the job, and the recruit the â€Å"best† applicants. If the wrong person is recruited, and then finds the job boring or too difficult, then the business will not get the most out of its human resources. Also where employees need to be flexible and autonomous and where direct control over employees is difficult, recruitment is becoming more and more important. To make sure the â€Å"best† person is chosen, personnel departments must be clear about: * What the job entails * What qualities the job requires * What rewards is needed to retain and motivate employees. There are many stages of recruiting, they are: – 1. Analyse what the job entails and decide what sort of person is needed. 2. Decide how the vacancy is to be advertised or announced. 3. The selection process needs to be planned and conducted in such a way as to ensure that the â€Å"best† candidate is successful. Training involves employees being taught new skills or improving skills they have already have. Why might a business train its employees? It is argued that a well-trained work force has certain benefits for a business. * Well-trained workers should be more productive. This will help the business to achieve its overall objectives such as increasing profits. * It should help to create a more flexible work force. If a business needs to increase production, workers then have to be trained in new tasks. * New machinery or production processes can be introduced more effectively, if the staff are trained. * It should lead to increased job satisfaction to employees. Well-motivated workers are more likely to be more productive. * It should reduce accidents and injuries if employees are trained in health and safety procedures. * It may improve the image of the company. * It can improve employee’s chances of promotion. How does a firm know if training is required? One method might be to use the job description to find the skills and knowledge needed to do the job. If the employee’s skills do not match up with the ones in the job description, then there is a need for re-training. Employees can also be asked about areas where they are not quite as confident, and think may need a little work on. This should make them more committed to training. Training needs are found at different levels within a business. Training is often divided into on-the-job-training and off-the-job-training. On-the-job-training takes place when employees are trained while they are carrying out an activity, often at their place of work. Off-the-job training takes place away from the job, at a different location. It may involve the employee being released for periods of time to attend courses at colleges or other institutions. This is by far the most popular form of training. One vital key task of HRM is to keep up to date with employment legislation (UK and EU) and to remain alert to the implications of such legislation for the firm and the workers. The main aim of such legislation is to ensure that employee’s rights are protected. Basic rights include: * Employees must receive a written statement of terms and conditions of employment within 13 weeks of starting work. * They must be paid the same as other people who carry out identical or similar jobs. * Working conditions must be safe and healthy. * Workers cannot be dismissed unfairly. * Employers must not discriminate against any member of staff. Employees have basic rights to: * They are expected to comply with the terms of their contract. * To do jobs with care and skill, to the acceptable standard. * Observe health and safety regulations. * Not to damage the firms property. There are many other responsibilities that then form the basis of the â€Å"contract of employment†. The contract is formed as soon as the employer offers a person a job and they accept it. Motivation at work For many years firms have given financial rewards in an attempt to motivate employees and improve productivity. However in the last 2 or 3 decades firms have realised that: – * the chance to earn more money may not be an effective motivator * financial incentive schemes are difficult to operate * individual reward schemes may no longer be effective as production has become organised into group tasks * other factors may be more important in motivating employees If other factors are more important than pay in motivating workers, it is important for firms to identify them. Only then can a business make sure its work force is motivated. Team work The Swedish car firm Volvo is a well-known example of a company that has effectively introduced teamwork. In both its plants at Kalmar and Uddevalla, it set up production in teams of 8-10 highly skilled workers. The teams decided between themselves how the work was to be distributed and how to solve problems as they arise. It is arguable whether these practices lead to an increase in productivity, but the company firmly believes this method of organisation was better than an assembly line system a similar system is used at Honda UK but with four person teams. If the firm is always changing due to the market, which is causing it to either, expand or de-layer. Then they will have to change the work force accordingly. The case study that I will be looking at is a position as a secretary for Ratcliffe College. P1- Recruitment One of the most important responsibilities of Human resource function is recruitment and selection. The costs of recruitment, training and retaining employees are high, but the costs of selecting the wrong people or losing key members of staff can be even higher. The processes of recruitment and selection must always relate the requirement for skilled staff to the business needs of the organisation. It is also essential that potential candidates be treated fairly. When vacancies arise because existing staff move to other jobs, retire or have to leave work because of illness. Some vacancies occur because the organisation expands or is restructured. Before the organisation advertises a post, it needs to decide whether there is a real need for the position to be filled. It might consider the following alternatives: * Amalgamating one job with another * Giving existing staff overtime * Recruiting temporary staff * Increasing the use of technology or machinery * Once an organisation decides that a vacancy exists, the recruitment process begins. Internal recruitment Internal recruitment strengthens employees commitment to the company, for example Kellogg’s have stated the following in their recruitment policy handbook: * Offer the job to an existing employee, as a promotion or transfer * Advertise internally, if suitable candidate is likely to available internally * Advertise externally if no suitable candidate is likely to exist internally(and display notice internally to the effect that the advertisement is appearing) Except in special cases, all vacancies should be advertised internally before external recruitment methods are used. There are a number of advantages to advertising jobs inside the business. * It gives employees within the company a chance to develop their career * There may be a shorter induction period as the employee is likely to be familiar with the company * Employers will know more about internal candidate’s abilities. This should reduce the risk of employing the wrong person * Internal recruitment may be quicker and less expensive than recruiting from outside the business. However, there are also disadvantages. * Internal advertising limits the number of applicants * External candidates might have been better quality * Another vacancy will be created which might have to be filled * If having investigated ways of filling the vacancy internally the business still does not appoint, then it must find ways to obtain candidates externally. External recruitment There are many ways of attracting candidates from outside the company. The choice of method often depends on the type of vacancy and the type of employee a business wants. Each method has its own benefits and problem, although it could be argued that the overall advantages of external advertising are the opposite of the disadvantages of internal advertising, for example, there is a wider number of applicants. Commercial employment agencies, these are companies that specialise in recruiting and selection. They usually provide a shortlist of candidates for a company to interview, but can also provide temporary workers. For example HMS, Alfred Marks and Kelly Accountancy Personnel. The advantage of commercial agencies is that they are experienced in providing certain types of worker, such as secretaries and clerical staff. They also minimise the administration for the employer involved in recruiting staff. Their main drawback is that they tend to produce staff that only stay in a job for a short time. Another problem for the business is the cost of paying fees to the agency. Recruitment and selection P2-Personnel Specification The first step is to prepare a job description. Before writing a job description, the job itself has to be analysed. This will identify the skills needed to perform the job and will also allow management to consider the overall effectiveness of the post and whether any changes are necessary. Clear job descriptions form the basis for preparing advertisements and for drawing up person specifications. Once individuals are in the post, job descriptions allow them to know exactly what their roles are, and what is expected of them. Before writing a job description, the job itself has to be analysed. This will identify the skills needed to perform the job and will also allow management to consider the overall effectiveness of the post and whether any changes are necessary. Clear job descriptions form the basis for preparing advertisements and for drawing up person specifications. Once individuals are in a post, job description allow them to know exactly what their roles are, and what is expected of them. When preparing a job description, it is important that the business to look to: * Describe the job accurately- if you overstate or understate the requirements of the job, you will be less likely to attract suitable applicants * Avoid discriminatory descriptions wording that implies one sex is preferable to another is unfair, illegal and unnecessarily restricts the number of people you are able to choose from. Below is an example of a job description, advertised in the local paper, for my case study. Ratcliffe College Job title School secretary Department: Administration, including Bursary Location Ratcliffe College, Ratcliffe-on-the-Wreake Salary à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,000- 20,000 Requirements for the job: * Enthusiastic, sociable, hard working person. * Taking care of any paper work regarding the school, and answering calls throughout the day on any matter. * Computer skills and experience of working in an office. General information * The hours per day would from 9am-5pm, 5 days a week. * There is a team of six people who deal with the administration of the school; this includes the bursar, the head masters secretary and the four secretaries. The profile of the best person to fill a job is a vital reference document to use during the selection process. It helps eliminate unsuitable candidates, guide’s interviewers and allows selectors to compare candidates objectively. The following are the key areas in drawing up a person specification: * Knowledge and understanding required for the job * Skills and abilities required for the job * Experience required for the job * Educational requirements The following shows a person specification: To fill the receptionist post we are looking for people with most of the following qualifications: 1. GCSEs in Maths and English, additional qualifications such as computer skills required. 2. The applicant must have had previous experience in an office environment 3. Must be computer literate, and able to use a photocopier. 4. Must have an outgoing, friendly personality, and able to communicate efficiently with students and fellow members of staff alike. Most importantly, they must be able to answer the telephone and help with any enquiries. When preparing person specifications, there are several pitfalls to be avoided. * Asking for higher qualifications than are needed, it runs the risk of passing over less-qualified staff who are likely to become frustrated in positions that fail to extend their abilities * Asking for someone with particular or extensive experience, an individual with the right aptitudes, skills and temperament may be a quick learner * Stipulating particular age requirements, tasks that are traditionally regarded as junior can often be done as well, if not better, by older staff. Similar, jobs that have been regarded as the preserve of more mature employees may be performed by able, qualified and highly motivated young people. * Defining narrow physical requirements, these must only be specified where the requirement is genuine and essential. Remember that the specification of physical attributes can lead to direct or indirect discrimination. * Basing your specification on someone who is already doing the job, no matter how good that person might be, he or she is a unique individual and no one else will be a perfect replacement. The newcomer will bring his or her own personality, values and skills. P3-Reviewing Applications Miss Puddleduck- she seems to be able to get on with people and handle situations, as we can see this from her working as a carer in an Elderly Home. She is the eldest to apply for the job and has a good amount of previous experience, which give her the skills needed, like office and computer work. Seems to be a hard work and has good communication skills, and also she has worked with children before so is a strong candidate. From her CV I see that she has three young children, This may cause a problem, as she has a live-in child minder. Mr Langer- Mr Langer sent in an application form with exceptional exam results both from GCSE and A level. He gave some job experience which all showed experience but nothing that was relevant to the job description. His letter of application was very short with not much detail. Being as he hadn’t any experience in secretarial duties then I would have thought that he would have tried to impress me through the letter of application. This didn’t happen but because of his good exam results I offered him an interview hoping he would have something to offer the company. Mr Langer’s CV was average, he had typed it out so that it looked neat, and it was set well but the contented which he needed to impress me wasn’t there. Mr Langer was a very intellectual young man by the language which he had used on his recruitment forms and his given exam results but unfortunately he didn’t have the relevant experience to offer this post. Miss Hill- the weakest candidate looking from her application form, but she seems to be enthusiastic over the job, but from her CV she says she likes socialising, which may be a downfall as she may need to come in any day of the week. Miss Hill has no previous experience. From the CV her GCSE grades are not excellent, however, she has passed English and maths, and has computer skills. I am not sure how well she can communicate with people of different ages, as I have no evidence that she can. However, as she is young she may find it easier to communicate with the student, but she must be able to communicate effectively with the adults as well. She also has a young child, so she may know how to get on with the younger generation in the school Miss Hill has a young child, which could mean that she will need time off work to look after it. She states that her mum could look after the child at the weekends if necessary, however, her mum may not be available in the week if the child is unable to go to playgroup. So it may cause difficulties in the future, as she may have difficulties finding someone to look after the child or she may have to take days off. P4-Contract of employment Once a business has selected an employee, the successful candidates must be appointed. Once appointed. Employees are entitled to a Contract of Employment. This is an agreement between the employer and the employee under which each has certain obligations. It is binding to both parties in the agreement, the employer and the employee. This means that it is unlawful to break the terms and conditions in the contract without the other party agreeing. As soon as an employee starts work, and therefore demonstrates that she accepts the terms offered by the employer, the contract comes into existence. It is sometimes a written contract, although a verbal agreement or implied agreements are also contracts of employment. The employment Right Act, 1996 requires employers to give employees taken on for one month or more a written statement within two months of appointment. This written statement sets out the terms and conditions in the contract. Some common features shown in the written statement are: * The names of the employer and the name of the employee * The date on which the employment is to begin * The job title * The terms and conditions of employment * Remuneration and pay interval; * Hours of work; * Entitlement to sick leave and pay (if any) * Pensions; * Period of notice for employer and employee; * Disciplinary and Grievance procedures. Certain employment protection rights cover employees that are appointed by a business. Government legislation makes it a duty of employers to safeguard these rights. They fall into a number of areas. * Discrimination. Employees cannot be discriminated against on grounds of gender, race or disability. So, for example, a business cannot refuse to appoint a candidate for a job only because that person is female. * Pay. Employees must be paid the same rate as other employees doing the same job, a similar job or a job with equal demands. They also have the right to itemised pay statements and not to have pay deducted for unlawful reasons. Other conditions which may be included are: the need for medical examinations, working from different locations, the right to search employees, the need for confidentiality and the need to obey the specific rules of the organisation. If the employer fails to provide a written statement of the main terms and conditions of employment, an employee could exercise his or her legal right to ask an industrial tribunal to decide what ought to have been in the written statement. This is then imposed upon the employer. Employers with more than twenty employees are also obliged to ensure that every employee has a copy of the disciplinary and grievance procedures. Employers have always wanted workers to be as flexible as possible. In the past this has meant paying overtime for extra hours worked, or higher rates for ‘shift’ work. Faced with competition, businesses attempted to use their existing employees more efficiently. Sometimes this could benefit the employee. An example of a situation in Adam’s is a single woman with a child was able to work between the hours of 9 am to 3 p.m. each day while her child is at school. Working flexible hours could mean an employee may take time off for personal reasons and still work their required number of hours a week. Training would also be given to workers so they become multi -skilled – able to switch from one job to another if needed. This example of job rotation may perhaps lead to the employee being more motivated. From a firm’s point of view, an employee that can change jobs may prevent the need to have temporary workers to cover for illness etc. and so reduce labour costs. An example of this is the ‘workstyle’ initiative at Adams, where team working has been introduced so that workers can change from one process to another and do the work of others in the team if necessary. In 1985 John Atkinson and the Institute of Manpower Studies developed the idea of the flexible firm. They suggested that businesses have a ‘core’ and a ‘periphery’. As a result of increasing competition, firms have attempted to make the workforce as flexible as possible, to increase productivity, reduce costs and react more quickly to change. The business would try to motivate core workers, giving them job security, and employ periphery workers only when needed. Increasingly employers looked to make plans that allow a business to respond to changes. For example, if a large unexpected order arrives, a business will need workers that can ‘get it out on time’. Using a flexible workforce enables a business to react effectively to changes that take place outside the business. Examples of workers that are used by a business includes: * Part time employees. * Temporary employees to deal with increases in demand. * Workers on zero hour’s contracts who are employed by the business but only work and are paid when both the business and the employee agree. * Workers who work to annualised hour’s contracts, where they work a certain number of hours over a year rather than in a week. * Workers who ‘bank time’, by not working when demand is slack but being asked to work that time at a later date. * Office temporary workers to cover for illness. * Self-employed workers. * Job sharing, where two workers are employed to do a full time job that in the past have been carried out by the one person. P5-My Performance in the Interview Before the interview 1. The interviewer should check that the interview arrangements are satisfactory: * Is the seating adequate? * Is the lighting satisfactory? * Is the room quiet or private? * Has it been ensured that the interview will not be disrupted? * Has access for candidates with a physical disability been checked? 2. Check through the job description and the person specification. 3. Read the application forms again, not any special questions or queries. 4. Write down the agreed questions that every candidate will have to answer, so they can make comparisons of each interviewee, this could including: * Why did you apply for this job? * Why did you apply to this organisation? 5. At the beginning of the interview every candidate should be welcomed by name and invited to sit down. 6. Begin the interview with an open or easy question, which should help the interviewees to relax. 7. The interviewer should always stay calm and uninvolved and be ready to listen 8. Keep observing the candidates. Watch for body language signal such as: * The way they sit * Arm and hand movements * Eye movements and eye contact * Voice 9. At the end of the interview the interviewer should: * Thank the candidate * Find out if the candidate has any questions or wants to add anything; * Find out when the candidate could start work; * Ask whether the candidate still wants the job * Tell the candidate how and when they will be told the result of the interview After the Interview 1. The candidates should leave feeling that they have had a fair hearing. An interviewer can ask either open or closed questions. * Open questions cannot be answered with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Answering them allows individuals to express their opinions and to talk at length. Here are some examples of open-ended questions. – What did you enjoy most about a particular job? – Which skills do you think would be most useful in this post? – How do you plan to achieve that? * Closed questions require a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer. It will always be necessary to ask a few closed questions, but their use should be restricted. Closed questions do not allow the candidate to talk freely, and they can make the interview somewhat stilted, with the interviewer doing most of the talking. When I was the interviewer I asked open ended questions, which allowed me to find out more about the candidate personality as well as there attitude to work. However from my colleagues point of view I was told that I was to laid back towards the candidate and to disorganise, this was because I had not gone through the CV’s and the application form. This could have meant that I missed some vital information about the candidates. Also I did not write any information down about each candidate, which meant that I could not remember what the candidates where like. Which meant that I could analyse and compare the candidates. As an interviewee I was confident going for the position, willing to answer the questions, with no problems. But in doing this I had not research the position enough, as I had a lack of information about the school. Knowing this would of help me to put across my views on how I would of achieved the job successfully, and showed that I was interested in the job. I feel that during the interviews I fulfilled most of these criteria. The seating was adequate; there were two seats for the interviewers and one doe the candidate. However, there was a desk in between, it would have been better to try and create a more relaxed atmosphere, by either not having the desk at all, or sitting to one side of the desk. I was familiar with the job description and person specification, and had already prepared certain questions for each candidate. I had prepared a sheet with the questions that I was going to ask all of the candidates, a copy of this can be found in the appendix. I welcomed all the candidates by name and shucked there hand, and tried to make them feel welcome. Throughout the interview I used a variety of open and closed questions. I should have used more open than closed questions to allow the candidate to talk more. This would be one aspect I would have to change in future interviews. I thought of some follow up questions, however, could have thought of some more. I observed the candidates several times throughout the interview, which gave me a good idea of their overall body language. At the end of the interview, I allowed the candidates to ask questions, found out when they could start work, and told them when they would hear of the result. I didn’t tell them how they would hear of the result, and I forgot to ask then if they were still interested in the job. After the interview I made some brief notes on the way the candidate had reacted during the interview. All these documents remained private between myself and the other interviewer M4-Local Labour Market Employment by sector Leicestershire TEC Area % East midlands % Great Britain % Agriculture & Fishing 1,500 0.4 6,900 0.4 71,000 0.3 Energy & Water 5,000 1.2 17,600 1.1 214,700 1.0 Manufacturing 116,700 29.4 418,700 25.8 4,060,000 18.0 Construction 13.300 3.3 70,700 4.4 987,900 4.4 Distribution, Hotels & restaurants 80,000 20.1 354,800 5.0 1,319,400 5.9 Transport & communication 22,000 5.5 81,100 5.0 1,319,400 5.9 Banking, finance & Insurance, etc. 58,600 14.8 230,200 14.2 4,183,700 18.6 Public administration, Education & Health 85,900 21.6 378,700 23.3 5,496,600 24.4 Other services 14,000 3.5 65,700 4.0 1,068,900 4.7 Total 397,000 100.0 1,623,800 100.0 22,534,900 100.0 The labour market is split up into three different labour sectors: – 1. Primary – these are businesses that are involved in extracting natural resources from the environment. Examples are the first two rows of the table. 2. Secondary – businesses convert the raw materials from the primary sector into a form that can be used by customers. The third and fourth rows on the table are examples of this sector. 3. Tertiary – Organisations provide services. The reminding rows are businesses in the tertiary sector. * Manufacturing – contributes nearly 30% to GDP and employs some 27% of the workforce, goods produced range from textiles & clothing through aerospace engines. However, manufacturing output within the region is forecast to fall by approximately 0.5% in 1999 before recovering in 2000. * Service Sector – employment is growing faster than at the national level, but the service sector is still relatively under-represented. IT related employment, in particular, continues to expand. * Agriculture – the East Midlands accounts for 10% of UK agricultural output, and employs 45,000 people across the region, rising to nearly one in five of the workforce in some areas. * Unemployment – the regional claimant rate has been below the UK rate and currently stands at 3.9% compared to the UK 4.4% for May 1999. Current situation & prospects Within the East Midlands, growth in services was estimated to have been stronger than the UK as a whole during 1998. However, the region saw a sharp slowdown in business services growth, reflecting the dependence of the sector on local manufacturing. Manufacturing output declined significantly during 1998, due to deterioration in both domestic and export demand, and a strong pound. Manufacturing output within the region is forecast to continue to decline during 1999, before recovering in 2000. Subdued performance is also expected in retailing & distribution, and in transport & communications. Overall regional GDP is expected to rise only slightly by 0.3% during 1999, with employment levels expected to remain static. Short-term changes in the GDP by sector (% per year) Manufacturing Services Other All services Fin. & Bus. Services 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 E.M. 0.3 0.3 -3.1 1.5 0.2 1.2 4.9 2.2 1.9 6.8 -0.7 -1.9 UK -0.2 -0.2 -3.2 1.3 0.6 0.5 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 -1.4 -1.9 Inward investment The region has seen inward investment in manufacturing over recent years. In the first half of 1998 the East Midlands won 16 inward investment projects, which created a total of 2,240 jobs. Approximately 50% of the projects came from the USA. Other inward investment projects within the region include Toyota, the Japanese car manufacturer, which has expanded its plant at Burnaston in Derbyshire at a cost of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200m in order to build a second car model, the Corolla. The region has also been successful in attracting call centres, despite competition. In the future as direct banking and insurance services increase, further investment opportunities are likely to arise for the region. The East Midlands’ success in attracting inward investment can be explained by its central location, good infrastructure links with the rest of the country, relatively low land prices, and the quality of its workforce. Leicestershire’s Industrial Profile Leicestershire’s industrial structure has experienced a long period of change and this change is seen to continue. The manufacturing industry consists of textiles and clothing, electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, food processing, printing and publishing, and pharmaceuticals. In Leicestershire 26% of the population are employed in this sector compared with 19% nationally. The most important manufacturing industry group, in terms of output, remains â€Å"other manufacturing† which includes textiles and food manufacturing, currently accounting for half of all manufacturing output. The fastest growing sector was national transport and communications, with an average annual growth of 9.6% since 1992. This growth largely reflects the advantages of Leicestershire as a central location for distribution Industrial sectors Leicestershire TEC area Leicestershire county Leicester city Rutland 1999 Employee estimates Number % Number % Number % Number % Agriculture & Fishing 3,100 0.8 2,700 1.2 0 0 400 3.5 Energy & Water 9,200 2.3 5,600 2.4 3,200 2.1 400 3.5 Manufacturing 102,600 26.0 64,300 28.1 36,300 23.8 2,000 17.4 Construction 14900 3.8 10,000 4.4 4,300 2.8 600 5.2 Distribution, Hotels & restaurants 83,000 21.1 51,100 22.3 29,200 19.1 2,700 23.5 Transport & communication 23,100 5.9 16,100 7.0 6,500 4.3 500 4.3 Banking, finance & Insurance, etc. 54,800 13.9 28,100 12.3 25,600 16.8 1,100 9.6 Public administration, Education & Health 85,900 21.8 41,900 18.3 40,600 26.6 3,400 39.6 Other services 16,600 4.2 9,300 4.1 6,900 4.5 400 3.5 Total employees 393,200 100.0 229,100 100.0 152,600 100.0 11,500 100.0 M5 – Analysing the recruitment documents I think I should have spaced out the application form a bit better and left more room for the forenames and surnames. On the application form I didn’t put a space for sex, this should have been entered, as some people may see it as not giving equal opportunities. I think that it is of a good size, and the font is neither too small nor too large, however, if there had been more spaces left, then it may have been easier to read. There is not a final section asking for a supporting statement. This does not give the applicant opportunity to sell themselves. I should have put some spaces in the â€Å"Employment History† section for reason for leaving the job, and also how long they had been at their last job for. This would have given me some indication on how willing they are. Also if I had left space at the end of the form, there would have been space for the candidates to sell themselves, also giving me more information to base my questions on at the interview. There should have also been more space for them to fill in information about their education. In the references section there should be space to show what relationship the person given as a reference is to the candidate. As it is important for companies to enforce equal opportunities I should have had a section in the application form asking if they had a disability, what their ethnic origin is and also what colour they consider themselves (black, white, other, mixed). This should be an optional section; however, I should have included it. I also provided a sheet for the candidates to fill in just before the interview. This is where extra information could be gathered, and if any details have changed since they filled in the application form, then I could be notified of them. The appraisal documents: during the interview I made some basic notes of the candidates performance. These notes included how well they answered the questions, and their body language. I also gave them marks for their body language, their language and how appropriate it was, and how confident they were (1 being the best, and 5 the worst) In my personnel specification, I should have said more about the job so that they know more about the job and what jobs would be involved in the position. Also how to handle parents and children. Also in the job description, I should stated more about what the jobs would be involved with, like handling children from the ages of 5-18, so they need to be patient sometimes and also authoritative. M6-Strengths & Weaknesses Mrs Jemima Puddleduck Her letter of application was most impressive. It was typed, set out correctly, and lots of good language was used. The recruitment documents that we received from Mrs Jemima Puddleduck showed that she was a well-educated young lady, showing she had studied both GCSE’s, and ‘A’ levels with excellent grades, and also well qualified. The only factor, which made me a little unsure of her, was that she had children, which I felt it might cause some difficulty about the hours she could work. Plus a degree in sports management. It was a very encouraging letter, outlining her strengths and weaknesses, and also stating any previous relevant work experience as well as any other experience to show her enthusiasm for work. Her experiences in jobs show us a very caring girl and she has taken part in work experience in very useful places. Mrs Jemima Puddleduck sent me a very short but detailed letter of application it was in written form very neat and well set out. Her work experiences have given her experience of what this position requires and I feel she would be an excellent candidate for this job. Mr Brett Langer The documents that were given to us by Brett Langer shows that he is ma very hard working person, we know this by looking at his GCSE’s and ‘A’ Levels. So he should then have the basic skills available to do the job successfully, with A grades in Maths and English in his GCSE’s. My impression also was that he may be a little well qualified for the job, nonetheless a very promising candidate. It showed that he had some previous job experience, however, he had never worked in an office before. From the letter of application he seemed to be an all round person, being able to get on with people. We can also see this from his past work experience as a Waiter and Employee at McDonalds, this showing he should be able to get on with any sort of person and situations. The only problem is that he is going to be working on a temporary basis as he’s looking for a job in the business sector, so he will only be working here until he finds a job in the business industry. Miss Tracy Hill Miss Hill is the youngest candidate applying for the position as Secretary. The recruitment documents, which we received from Miss Tracy Hill, she seems to be a nice girl but lack the personnel skills and personality for the job. There are concerns on how sociable she is, and how this may affect her work, as she may have to come in on a Saturday or Sunday. She has the basic skills to do the job with having GCSE’s in IT, Maths and English. She also has no work experience in any field. She is the weakest candidate for the job, but we have decided to give her a chance to prove us wrong in the interview. Jemima Puddleduck questions 1. Will you be able to come in if there was an emergency? 2. Do you think you be able to handle the children when if they get rowdy? 3. Why have you decided to leave your present job? 4. How long would it take to hand in your notice at your present job? 5. How come you haven’t decided to go into the sports industry? Brett Langer questions 1. Do you know how to use the basics of computer software? 2. How long do you think you would work here? 3. Will you be able to come in if there was an emergency? 4. Do you think you be able to handle the children when if they get rowdy? 5. Do you think you would get along with the different age groups that go to the school? Tracy Hill question 1. Why did you leave school after your GCSE’s? 2. Why haven’t you got any work experience? 3. Would it be a problem with the hours you work with a child? 4. Who will look after the child? 5. Will you be able to come in if there was an emergency? 6. Do you think you be able to handle the children when they get rowdy? M7-My performance in the Interviews To start off with I was shy, I was not sure how they would react to me, but as the interviews went on my interviewing technique improved and I started to settle down. I found that I didn’t really help them to relax and settle down, which made them nervous and allowed them t make mistakes, as they didn’t know how to react to me. After settling down I became confident enough to ask the candidate questions about the job and putting them in situations and asking how they would handle a particular situation. Due to this I became to laid back, I was showing poor body language; for example my arms were crossed. I also acted to casual with the candidate; I was told this from my colleagues who were also interviewing the candidate. Due to me being confident and laid back, I asked the candidate opened ended questions, which enabled my colleagues and I to get to know the candidate more intimately and what there personality was like. I also found that I was too disorganised for the interview, compared to my colleagues who where ready for the interview, as they had questions readily decided to ask the candidate. Which didn’t show a good impression on the candidate and made me look silly. I also had not gone through the candidate’s information, which gave me a disadvantage, as I did not ask the relevant information for the job. Which lead to me not writing any information about the candidate, so it made it difficult on which candidate to pick for the job. I think that I also should have changed the tone of voice more, as I felt the candidate was finding the interview was getting to boring. Improvements 1. I should appear to be relaxed from the beginning of the interview so that they can give their best performances through out the interview. 2. I shouldn’t act laid back whilst interviewing the candidate. As this gives a bad impression to the interviewee, about the way things are running in the company. 3. I should look through the application documents before I interview the candidate to have some kind of information about the candidate and question to find out more about their personality. 4. It would be more fairer to all the candidates if I took notes on each applicant, so that I can offer the job to the best person, so that I can compare them with there good and bad points and offer the job to the best person. M8 – Our own design of a â€Å"Contract of employment† 1. Name of employer:_________________________________ 2. Name of employee:________________________________ 3. Job title: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4. Salary: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5. Start date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6. Pay rate:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7. Amount of hours that must be completed in one week:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8. Leave, you are entitled to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦days-paid holiday per annum in addition to statutory holidays. The leave is to taken at a time convenient to the employer. 9. Sick pay and allowances: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10. Amount of holiday entitlement: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11. What notice is needed when you want to finish that job:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. to ensure flexibility within our workforce, you will at times be expected to work extra hours as required, but you will normally be given advanced notice of times. 12. Grievance Procedures, if you wish to raise any grievance relating to your employment, you should do so in accordance with the grievance procedure shown in the employee information binder, which can be obtained from the Personal office. 13. Pension scheme, details of the contributory company pension scheme, for which you are eligible, may be obtained from the personnel office. 14. Discipline Rules, the company rules form part of your conditions of employment. These are shown in the Employee Information Binder and it is your responsibility to familiarise yourself with these and observe them at all times.